• The number of examples in illustration essay samples. Mind that you do not have to provide too many examples. Two or three will be enough. Anyway, your teacher should give additional instructions.
• The use of examples in free illustration essays. All examples should be up to the point.
• Thesis statements in the examples of illustration essays. Many students tend to forget about a thesis statement. Do not make the same mistake.
• Transitions between examples. All examples should be logically connected. Besides, pay attention to the words/sentences used as transitions. Do not repeat “for example” all the time.

On our weblog, you can get more details about an example essay and check free expository essay topics.
 
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In-text citation and punctuation in Vancouver referencing

When referencing in Vancouver, for in-text citations you should use superscript Arabic numerals e.g. 2; the superscript number links immediately to the reference list at the end of the work piece (when quoting academic research paper, authors should cite references and elude reliance on abstracts).
 
Referencing in Vancouver implies that reference numbers go after commas and full stops, before colons and semicolons. They should be placed in the order of appearance in text.
 
There is a common Vancouver citation style example: “The industry has also used the single market to warrant attacks on labels being introduced in Italy to justify pregnant women of the hazards of drinking.4 Therefore, national health ministries … requested the commission to prepare a comprehensive strategy to reduce alcohol related harm.5”

Citing specific pages in Vancouver Citation Style

Vancouver citation style guidelines say that to cite a specific page, a essay writer must indicate the page number in brackets after the reference number: …there is strong evidence of benefit in elderly patients, 12 (p11) … To cite more than one page, you need to indicate the page range: …in elderly patients, 12 (pp11–12)… Now you see Vancouver citation style sample with a mixture of consecutive and non-consecutive references: …there is strong evidence of benefit in elderly patients, 10 12-14…

Vancouver citation style for journal articles and websites

When referencing in Vancouver, the titles of journals should be abbreviated. Speaking on part and issue numbers, Vancouver citation style guidelines state that most journals save uninterrupted pagination throughout a volume – so part and issue numbers can be neglected (you can add part and issue numbers when required).
 
Referencing any web resource has the additional difficulty that it may be changed (moved, updated or deleted). Therefore, in addition to the standard reference information, Vancouver referencing needs also to comprise details of the web address (URL) and the date of your last website check.
 
When quoting the URL, you may escape the “http://” placing. But the last Vancouver citation sample http://news.bbc. co.uk/1/hi/health/7339850.stm shows that it’s better to preserve the “http://”.
 
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• citations in the paper body, using a raised number;
• footnotes list at the foot of each page, for all citations on that page. They are called endnotes if they appear at the end of any division;
• Annotated bibliography giving the details of each source and possibly other materials consulted in writing the paper.

Referencing in Oxford: Citing Sources

Superscript numbers with corresponding footnotes in Oxford citation style should be used each time information or ideas from sources are argued. These numbers are basically located at the end of a sentence rather than directly after the words referred. However, as Oxford citation samples show, they should be inserted plainly after direct quotes where possible.

Summarising and paraphrasing in Oxford referencing

Essay writers can dispute ideas and revelations using their own words in abstracts and paraphrases. Oxford citation style guidelines stress that summarising is like a squeezed text; paraphrasing is voicing all the information in a brief stretch of text. Summarising or paraphrasing, a superscript number should be applied as in Oxford citation style example: Spiro Kostof notes that Ggantija, on the Maltese island of Gozo, is the earliest true building type discovered.1

Quoting in Oxford Citation Style

The same Oxford citation sample shows how a direct quote would appear: Spiro Kostof notes, ‘Ggantija is a wholly manmade form, which is to say it is thought out and reproducible. As such, it is the first true building type…’1
 
If a quote is more than 30 words, you can neglect the quotation marks, starting it on a new line and indenture the quote about 10 mm from the left-hand page margin. As for a short citation, a superscript number is used and a footnote is indispensable.

Secondary Sources and Referencing in Oxford

From time to time you may read one author citing another one, and you want to use what the first author has said. Following Oxford citation style guidelines, you should cite the primary author using a superscript number in the ways already described.
 
Oxford citation style example: A Jones, French architecture, Penguin, Melbourne, 2002, cited in D Gray, Renaissance France, Faber and Faber, London, 2000, p. 36.

Bibliography in Oxford referencing

Under Oxford citation style guidelines, the documentary-note system basically uses a bibliography rather than a reference list, but of course there are exceptions. Note the difference: a list of references consist of only the works you practically cited in your research paper; whereas a bibliography in Oxford citation style includes all this material alongside with any other papers and works you’ve already read and believe would be useful for others
 
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IEEE Referencing Features

Generally, the IEEE citation style has 3 main characteristics:

• The author’s name is first name (or initial) and last. In this point IEEE referencing is distinguished from MLA citation style where firstly is author’s last name.

• Any title is in quotation marks.
• But the title of journal or book is in italics.

These conventions permit the reader to distinguish between reference types at a glance. The proper location of periods, colons, commas, date and page numbers depends on the reference type. For referencing in IEEE, observe the rules exactly: put periods after author and book title; shorten all months to the first three letters (e.g. Mar.); verify the difference between print and electronic sources (especially for journals) thoroughly.
 
Even though IEEE referencing is considered to be the most difficult style, it is still the most effective style for striving engineers to pick up.

IEEE Citation Style: In-Text Citation Peculiarities

IEEE citation style guidelines state: the major distinction between IEEE and other styles is that IEEE style encloses reference numbers inside the paper in square brackets [1] rather than as superscripts1 or in bracketed form (Jones 98). All other bibliographical data regarding the citation is reserved for the reference list ending the document.
 
Referencing in IEEE supports substituting reference numbers for the author’s name whenever suitable. But there are cases (shown in IEEE citation sample) in which the author’s name is indispensable: “To a large extent, quantum mechanics remains dependent on [1]‘s theory of relativity . . . “where [1] is Einstein theory.

Personal Communication and Other “Nonrecoverable” Information

IEEE citation style guidelines note that you should cite published works only, impending published materials, and unpublished works available in a library, a depository, or an archive. For interviews or other “nonrestorable” information, no citation number is needful. This does not signify that a try to detect the author is unnecessary, but that it requires to be done in the text itself: “In a private interview with Bill Gates, he acknowledged that he would soon rule the world.”

Specified IEEE Citation Style Examples

Electronic Book:
S. Flamer. (1997, May 2). Engineering and Art. (3rd edition). [On-line]. 33(4). Available: www.enggart.com/examples/students.html [March 11, 2005].
 
Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished):
B. Blandly and M. Dick. “Engineering names and ideas,” presented at the 4th Int. Conf. Engineering Education, Frankfurt, Germany, 1997.
 
Dissertations and Theses:
S. McNeal. “Hopeless Optimism.” M.A. thesis, University of Calgary, Canada, 2002.
 
Lecture:
S. Fad. Engg 341. Class Lecture, Topic: “Speed skating.” ICT 235, Faculty of Engineering.
 
Standards/Patents:
I.A. Rebecca. “Alternating modern fed power supply.” U.S. Patent 3 737 554, Jun. 4, 1986.
 
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Harvard referencing: practical instructions

Here are some Harvard referencing examples to ease your perception:

• For two authors, use (Smith & Jones 2003). For more authors, use (Smith et al. 2003). Et al. is an abbreviation of Latin “and others”.
• With Harvard style guidelines, a newspaper articles may apply the newspaper name the publication date after the sentence (The Guardian, December 22, 2004).
• Usage of embedded link like this. [1] for linking to the article (they must be placed after punctuation).
• For in-text citation marked by quotation marks, it follows the end-quotation mark (“), “like this” (Jones 2003).
• Page numbers must be embraced in a citation accompanied by a specific quotation from or a paraphrase specific book or article passage: According to Jessica Benjamin, one weakness of radical politics has been “to idealize the oppressed” (Benjamin 1988:9). But page numbers are not required when a citation accompanies a general description of a book or article: In the 1980s several feminists explored feminist readings of psychoanalytical thought (e.g. Gallop 1985, Hamilton 1982, Rose 1986, Benjamin 1988).

The detailed information according to Harvard Citation Style samples one can find on educational web resources or in a specialized citation style guidelines.

Harvard Citation Style: pros & cons

The principal advantage of Harvard referencing is that a reader familiar with a field is probably to identify a citation without having to check it in the reference list. Moreover, if the same reference is cited more than once, the casual reader may remember the author’s name (absence of too many “ibid” citations). Also, with referencing in Harvard Citation Style, there is no renumbering obstacle when the order of in-text references is changed, which can be a lash of the numbered endnotes system if project style insists that first citations never appear out of numerical order. And the last, but not least is that an author-date citation works well in combining with standalone footnotes.
 
But some essay writers consider that Harvard referencing requires more space; its rules can be confused or unclear for non-academic citations, particularly those without personal author; and the reference system in Harvard Citation Style may be distracting to a general reader, unfamiliar with journal articles. However, it is easy enough to neglect the parenthetical references if you don’t know what they are or just don’t care.
 
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CBE Citation Style: citation-sequence system vs. name-year system

Using the citation-sequence system, you should cite only key sources from the reference list that are numbered according to their appearance in the text. Basically, in CBE referencing superscript number1 or a number in parentheses (1) are used. If a single reference provides more than one source, enumerate the source numbers1,3,6 in a series. Also, to separate more than two numbers1-3 in CBE citation samples a dash is used.
 
Using the name-year system in CBE citation style, key cited sources are located in the reference list alphabetically. In this very format, the publication date follows the author’s name immediately. The following CBE citation style example uses the name-year system: The discovery in normal cells of genes competent of causing tumours can be considered a breakpoint in cancer research (Steeling and others 1987). Recent work (Darker, Zhao, and Darker 1991) has proved the importance of this revelation.

Referencing in CBE: Parenthetical Citations

Under CBE citation style guidelines, parenthetical citations are applied near footnotes and endnotes directing the reader to a particular page in a source.
 
Here are some rules for parenthetical referencing in CBE:

• Making an in-text CBE referencing, only a space is settled between the author’s name and the publication date: Photographic materials should be stored at 30% relative humidity (Gilson 1991).
• Using CBE citation style, do not imply the author’s name and date if they are listed in the quoted text: In 2001, McCarty reported that 19% of HIV diseased at a Spanish hospital had drug resistance strains of the contagion.
• CBE citation style examples show that references ending a sentence go within the last punctuation mark: Qualitative and quantitative research methods are the only mode to categorize research (Soakings 2003).
• In CBE referencing, for a direct quotation, you should include the page number, the author’s last name and the publication date: “It has consequently become the schools’ affair to provide a place for teenagers to work out their problems with understanding counsel.” (Clementon 1944, 66).
• CBE citation samples point that if you desire to cite more than one source in the same sentence, you have to locate them in chronological order in accordance with the publication date: Monitoring salmon migration in the Pacific Northwest is complicated by both biology and methodology (Doubles 1993; Hilbert 1998; Connor 2000).

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Referencing in ASA requires citing sources in the text of the paper by using parenthetical citations. Some scholars call it a modification of The Chicago Manual of Style. The main principle of the ASA citation style is to give brief citations and minimize the distraction from the content of the paper.

ASA Referencing: In-Text Citations

ASA citation style guidelines insist on the use of in-text citations. You are supposed to know that in-text citations include the author’s last name and the year of publication. Page numbers are included ONLY when quotes are taken directly from a work. You can see it in this ASA citation sample: Jilin (1967) provided similar patterns for women in Uruguay. When referencing in ASA, you may use endnotes and footnotes only if absolutely necessary!

Books in ASA Citation Style

The basic form for a book entry in ASA referencing is:

1) Author’s last name, first name and middle initial, period.
2) Year of publication.
3) Title of the book italicized.
4) Place of publication, name of publisher
E.g. De Ana, Roberto M. 1985. Chicanas and Chicanos in Modern Society. Boston, MA: Allen and Bacon.

ASA Citation Style: Printed Newspaper, Journal and Magazine Articles

When referencing in ASA, you should use similar format for newspaper, journal and magazine articles and books (see 1-4). The only difference is that you should add the volume and page number(s) to the article entries.

Also, you should include the issue number in parenthesis or the exact date of publishing prior to the volume number if the pages are not numbered consecutively throughout the volume: Garcia, Palma M. 1992. “A Mental Odyssey: Chicana/Chicano Studies Stirring into the Twenty-first Century.” Journal of American Ethnic History 10:105.

According to the ASA citation style guidelines, a newspaper or magazine entry should include the publication date, page number of the article and should end with a period. A good ASA citation style example: Jana, Riena. 2002. “Averting culture clashes – As the IT labour force grows more diverse, leaders should improve corporate cultures and prevent conflicts.” InfoWorld, March 14, pp. 77.

Electronic Articles and Newspapers: Web Sources in ASA Referencing

Here are some good ASA citation samples:

• Commercial Databases: Graham, Douglas K. 1996. “The Past Never Disappears: A Contextual Review of the Subsisting Indian Family Tenet” American Indian Law Review, 25:1. Retrieved April 22, 1994.
• Online Newspapers: Clary, Jane. 1997. “Vasquez Protesters Removed Without Fortuity.” Los Angeles Times, March 7. Retrieved March 10, 1997 (http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/updates/lat_vieques000505.htm).
• Online Journals: Miles, Herman W. and Tamaki Nomi. 2002. “Is Amie the Key for Comprehension Japanese Culture?” Electronic Journal of Sociology 5:1. Retrieved June 8, 2002 (http://www.sociology.org/content/vol005.001/smith-nomi.html).

As you see, there is nothing to be afraid of in ASA style. Use these clear examples and enjoy excellent grades for your papers.

… informed in several studies (C. Hermann 1988, 42; M. Hermann 1989, 337).

Government Documents and Legal Citations in APSA Referencing

Generally, details on government documents must be in the reference list. For in-text citations – the source name, date and page number in parentheses should be sufficient. Y ou can use the standard form, citing other public documents in APSA. The methods of referring to government documents vary, but these APSA citation style examples should adequately generalize these approaches:

• (Congressional Record October 20, 1967, H7);
• (Papers of President George W. Bush March 24, 2001, 11).

Legal citations in APSA citation style include name of the case, year and number of page: (Shaker v. Carr 1966, 196). For detailed information you can use specialized APSA citation style guidelines or the U.S. Reports on Supreme Court resolutions.

Electronic Sources in APSA Citation Style

The reference for an online APSA citation source contains more elements like the author’s name; publication date or its last review; document title; title of the entire paper; URL [in angle brackets] and date of access (in parentheses):

Central Intelligence Agency. 1999. Afghanistan/Government. World Fact Book, 1998-1999, Jan. 29

In addition, there are APSA citation style examples for email and newsgroup message correspondently:

• Albright, M. <albright@state.gov> 1999, Jan.5. Announcement on China [Personal email]. (1999, January 29);
• Stratford. <alert@stratfor.com>, 1999, Jan.29. Thailand/Myanmar. <STRATFOR/Global Intelligence Update> (1999, January 29).

Referencing in APSA: Television and Radio Programs

Sometimes, material from news broadcasts or documentaries may be quoted in papers. APSA citation style guidelines state that the relevant information should appear in the reference list as follows:

CBS News. December 19, 1986. Sixty Minutes.
National Public Radio. August 12, 1983. All Things Considered.

Some Recommendations for Formatting the Reference List in APSA Citation Style

• APSA citation style requires parenthetical references within the text and a reference list at the end.
• List of reference should be arranged alphabetically
• Referencing in APSA, the author should be the first element. Otherwise, use the editor’s name. If it is absent, you may start with the title.
• Titles of books and periodicals should be italicized.
• APSA citation style guidelines insist that each word of the title must be capitalized.

Check out our blog for other writing tips and good luck with your APSA-based paper!

Parenthetical Citations: referencing in American Antiquity Style

As usual, anthropology writers use parenthetical citation. Therefore, American Antiquity citation style guidelines do not recommend using endnotes, footnotes or numbered citations. American Antiquity citation samples show that all information sources referred to in your research paper must be identified with explicit citations. Remember: failure to acknowledge the sources (not in American Antiquity referencing only) constitutes plagiarism punished in most cases by dismissal from the university!

Referencing in American Antiquity: Cite within parentheses

After reviewing some American Antiquity citation style examples, you will see that a basic form can be outlined as follows: the author’s name, the year of publication, and the specific page or pages on which the material appears. Note: in American Antiquity referencing there is no punctuation after the author’s name, but a colon is used after the date and a comma – in the case of any graphic reference: The Feast of the Dead was taken over by the Algonquians of the northern Great Lakes from the Huron of the Ontario peninsula (Dickerson 1960:87-88).

Quotation and paraphrasing in American Antiquity Citation Style

Under American Antiquity citation style guidelines, quotations can be depicted as passages reproduced with no modification in the original language; indirect quotations are merely paraphrased statements. For referencing in American Antiquity, you must apply direct quotations sparingly. Moreover, you should identify direct quotations with quotation marks or space them and inch from the right and left margins (for long single quotes).
 
American Antiquity citation sample (simple quotation): Speaking on the variations for basic design, Rappoport (1969:5) states “One begins with the simplest outline, the main features.”

American Antiquity Referencing and In-Text Reference Citations

There are two different formats used in the journals for in-text citations: REVIEWS and BOOK NOTES, and BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS (the latter is described below).
 
In most cases, in-text year citations immediately follow the author(s) name(s). You’re your attention: in all examples parentheses were used in their ordinary format. However, they can be converted to brackets, when reference citations are used in text set off in parentheses.
 
American Antiquity citation style example: (e.g., Shapiro [1985] on the constitution of “observations” in physics, and Kasson [1989] on observation in science generally).

American Antiquity Citation Style: Reviews and Book Notes vs. Book Review Essays

In Reviews references, if at all, should be used sparingly; however, they are never used in Book Notes. American Antiquity citation style guidelines point that if they occur, they should be located in shortened form and be enclosed in parentheses. Here you can see specified American Antiquity citation samples for:

• Writing article: (Atmore, Latin American Antiquity 2:188–211).
• Book: (Willey, Preface to American Archaeology, vol. 1, 1977).
• Review: (Tilley, Review of Belford, American Antiquity 57:154–176).
• Citations to the book review require the page numbers only: (p. 5), (pp. 83–89).

 
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In this article we try to answer some FAQs regarding AMA citation style.

How may I cite software?

Referencing in AMA, software available without charge via the Internet (freeware) or mentioned only in passing may be NOT cited in the reference list.

However, AMA citation style guidelines outline that if the software was used for analysis, presented in the paper, a citation MUST be included.

How can I cite personal communication in AMA citation style?

Referencing in AMA, the author has to indicate the communication date (whether it was oral or written); the person’s affiliation/degree might be helpful to better establish the authority of the citation. That’s why you have to place personal communication without separate numbered citations.

AMA citation samples:

• “In a conversation with A.B. Jones, MD (April 2002)….” or
• “According to the manufacturer (A.B. Jones, PhD, oral communication, April 2002), the drug was approved in the US in March 2001.”

Citing lectures is basically the same as shown in previous AMA citation style examples, e.g.

• “According to Dr. Skirmisher (Pub Med lecture, Sep 2004, Stamford University, McWhorter School of Pharmacy), controlled terminology should always be used prior before seeking any database.”

Must I use a registered trademark (®) each time citing that particular item?

Commonly, the symbol ® is not required in the text using not only AMA referencing. Just place the trademark with the first use of the word and afterwards capitalize the first letter of the word. AMA citation samples advice to use non-proprietary names, unless the specific drug trade name is relevant to the discussion.

How to cite multiple page numbers with only one source in AMA referencing?

AMA citation style guidelines stipulate that if the author wants to cite different passages from the same book, the page numbers should be included in the superscript citation – the source appears only once in the reference list.

Additionally (as it has shown below in AMA citation style example), no page numbers are included, if the source has been already listed in the references: Skirmishers 7(p4), 12 reported 20 drugs that have been withdrawn by their producers.

How are tables and figure reproduced in AMA citation style?

When you are going to recreate a table or figure in AMA referencing and insert it verbatim into your assignment, do not observe copyright permission; however, AMA citation style guidelines insist that you still have to cite the source of the table/figure and provide the copyright statement in your research paper.

The most recent AMA citation samples underline that the statement “If this paper to be submitted for publication, copyright permission for reproduction of this table/figure would have to be obtained” must be added. Also, according to the new AMA citation style guides, both symbols and tables footnotes are no longer used.

Thank you for reading our short AMA guidelines! We hope that you find these to be useful! Good luck with your papers and be sure to check out our blog for more writing tips!