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	<title>Custom Writing Service Blog &#187; Citation Styles</title>
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		<title>Illustration Essay Examples: Things to Pay Attention to</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/custom-essay-writing-the-insiders/2458.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/custom-essay-writing-the-insiders/2458.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2009 11:52:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James Whitaker</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Custom Essay Writing: the Insiders]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/?p=2458</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Do you know what all teachers will tell you about illustration essays? They will tell you that an illustration essay is the easiest essay type to write. Besides, they will make an emphasis on the great significance of this kind of essays, and they will be right. &#160; The point is that skills you gain [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/custom-writing.org/2009/05/examples-of-illustration-essay.png" alt="examples of illustration essay" title="examples of illustration essay" width="131" height="169" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-4677" align="right"/>Do you know what all teachers will tell you about <strong>illustration essays</strong>? They will tell you that an illustration essay is the easiest essay type to write. Besides, they will make an emphasis on the great significance of this kind of essays, and they will be right.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
     The point is that skills you gain when writing illustration essays are necessary for preparing other types of papers like argumentative, persuasive, or narrative essays.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
What we are talking about is your ability to provide good and relevant illustrations to support your ideas, suggestions and assumptions.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
     Illustration essays are sometimes called illustrative essays or <strong>example/illustration essays</strong>, and this kind of writing is not that hard to learn. Still, you have to be aware of some peculiarities and dead ends of illustration essays. This is why we suggest you find free illustration essay examples.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
     Here is a list of things you have to pay attention to when analyzing <strong>illustration essay samples</strong>.<br />
&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>The number of examples in illustration essay samples. Mind that you do not have to provide too many examples. Two or three will be enough. Anyway, your teacher should give additional instructions. </li>
<li>The use of examples in free illustration essays. All examples should be up to the point. </li>
<li>Thesis statements in the <strong>examples of illustration essays</strong>. Many students tend to forget about a thesis statement. Do not make the same mistake.</li>
<li>Transitions between examples. All examples should be logically connected. Besides, pay attention to the words/sentences used as transitions. Do not repeat “for example” all the time.</li>
</ul>
<p><span id="more-2458"></span><br />
     On our weblog, you can get more details about an <a href="http://custom-writing.org/blog/writing-tips/free-essay-writing-tips/293.html">example essay</a> and check free <a href="http://custom-writing.org/blog/writing-tips/free-essay-writing-tips/125.html">expository essay topics</a>.</p>
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		<title>SOS, I Need Research Paper Help</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/1219.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/1219.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2009 12:19:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jane McKinsey</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/?p=1219</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[You have looked through all the writing instructions from your tutor, all the class notes, and you have talked to your peers. Actually, no one can provide you with reliable research paper help, and this is why you are about to start panicking. &#160; Well, panic cannot help with research papers. What you should do [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/custom-writing.org/2009/03/help-with-research-paper.png" alt="help with research paper" title="help with research paper" width="131" height="169" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-5136" align="right"/>You have looked through all the writing instructions from your tutor, all the class notes, and you have talked to your peers. Actually, no one can provide you with reliable research paper help, and this is why you are about to start panicking.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
     Well, panic cannot <a href="http://custom-writing.org/blog/writing-tips/free-research-paper-writing-tips/333.html">help with research papers</a>. What you should do now is calm down. Now, you have to define what kind of research paper assistance in particular you actually need.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
The thing is that research paper help seems to be rather an abstract concept. The process of completing research papers includes several steps. Each of them requires particular research paper help. Here are more explanations for you.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Help with research paper</strong> format<br />
&nbsp;<br />
     Usually, format causes a lot of difficulties. If this is your headache as well, start looking for research paper help with this particular aspect of your project. You need to find the requirements for the style your research paper should be written in. Different style manuals are available online.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Help with research paper</strong> parts<br />
&nbsp;<br />
     A research paper is an official document that should follow a certain structure. Adding or excluding something from the required structure is a bad idea. So, if you have some doubts about the way your paper should be organized, start searching for this kind of <strong>research paper help</strong>.<br />
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<strong>Help with research paper</strong> content<br />
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     You lack ideas to discuss, you lack sources to develop your topic, or you lack both. Then, you need some useful hints on how to search for information, how to evaluate and analyze it, and how to use it to prepare your paper.<br />
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<strong>Help with research paper</strong> editing<br />
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     Some students tend to skip this stage because they lack necessary editing skills or they are just lazy to do it. Do not follow their track and find professional research paper assistance with editing online.<br />
&nbsp;             <span id="more-1219"></span><br />
     On our blog, you will find more info about <a href="http://custom-writing.org/blog/writing-tips/free-research-paper-writing-tips/1120.html">research paper “how to’s”</a>.</p>
<p>&nbsp;<br />
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		</item>
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		<title>Research Paper Citation</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/writing-tips/free-research-paper-writing-tips/533.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/writing-tips/free-research-paper-writing-tips/533.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Mar 2008 08:44:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jane McKinsey</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Free Research Paper Writing Tips]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/writing-tips/free-research-paper-writing-tips/533.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Before making a research paper, you should know exactly what citation style your paper should be written in. Besides, you should follow the rules of the required style citation. &#160; Let us dwell upon the most commonly used research papers citation styles and consider the major issues of each of them that you should know [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src='http://custom-writing.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/15.jpg' alt='15.jpg' align='right' />Before making a research paper, you should know exactly what <strong>citation style</strong> your paper should be written in. Besides, you should follow the rules of the required style citation.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
Let us dwell upon the most commonly used research papers citation styles and consider the major issues of each of them that you should know about:</p>
<ul>
<li>APA research papers citation – this type of <strong>research paper citation</strong> is mostly used in Psychology, Education and other Social sciences. When writing a research paper Copy Manuscript in APA citation style, double-space all lines. If you are making use of APA for your Final Manuscript &#8211; single-space. The reference list should present the sources used in alphabetic order by the author’s name. To get more detailed information on APA research papers citation, visit http:// www. liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/ library/workshop/citapa.htm; </li>
<li>MLA research paper citation – is used in Literature, Humanities and Arts. MLA paper text should be double spaced. The references should be alphabetized by the author’s last name. If a book has no author, it should be alphabetized by its title. MLA research papers citation implies a list of requirements for electronic documentation that you should follow. Detailed information you can read at http:// www.liunet. edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citmla.htm;</li>
<li>AMA research paper citation – is related to Medicine, Health and Biology. AMA is the abbreviation for American Medical Association of Style. AMA research papers citation is applicable to journals, websites, books and other information sources. The items of AMA research paper are listed in the same order as they are cited in the text, numerically. You can read detailed information on AMA <strong>research papers citation</strong> at      http:// www .liunet.edu/ cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citama.htm;</li>
<li>Chicago research paper citation – is commonly used in the magazines, books, newspapers and other non-scholarly publications.  There are 2 types of Chicago style: one of them is applicable to a Reference List, the other one is used for in-text citations. You can read full information on Chicago research papers citation here: http: //www. liunet.edu /cwis/cwp/library /workshop/citchi.htm </li>
</ul>
<p><span id="more-533"></span><br />
Remember that properly formatted paper is half the battle in your research paper. So, follow the rules of the required style, and your paper will have a perfect appearance ever.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
Research paper is not the most difficult academic assignment; and still, it does take a lot of time!<br />
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		<title>The Vancouver Citation Style</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/195.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/195.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Aug 2007 07:04:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James Whitaker</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/195.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[You must know that citation styles distinguish mostly in the placing, order, and syntax of information about references. There are some conditions which go into determining the suitable citation style, including branch of science, academic expectations (publication papers might be subject to another standards than term papers), research intentions of an assignment, and the personal [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blogpics/195.jpg" alt="" align="left" height="135" width="167" />You must know that citation styles distinguish mostly in the placing, order, and syntax of information about references. There are some conditions which go into determining the suitable citation style, including branch of science, academic expectations (publication papers might be subject to another standards than term papers), research intentions of an assignment, and the personal preference of your instructor.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Vancouver citation style</strong> is the <strong>referencing system</strong> used in most top-level medical journals.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
There are specified <strong>Vancouver citation style</strong> guidelines on how to execute <strong>Vancouver referencing</strong>, however different journals have delicate different formats for their references.</p>
<h2>In-text citation and punctuation in Vancouver referencing</h2>
<p>When referencing in Vancouver, for in-text citations you should use superscript Arabic numerals e.g. 2; the superscript number links immediately to the reference list at the end of the work piece (when quoting academic research paper, authors should cite references and elude reliance on abstracts).<span id="more-195"></span><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Referencing in Vancouver</strong> implies that reference numbers go after commas and full stops, before colons and semicolons. They should be placed in the order of appearance in text.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
There is a common <strong>Vancouver citation style</strong> example: <em>“The industry has also used the single market to warrant attacks on labels being introduced in Italy to justify pregnant women of the hazards of drinking.4 Therefore, national health ministries &#8230; requested the commission to prepare a comprehensive strategy to reduce alcohol related harm.5”</em></p>
<h2>Citing specific pages in Vancouver Citation Style</h2>
<p><strong>Vancouver citation style </strong>guidelines say that to cite a specific page, a essay writer must indicate the page number in brackets after the reference number: <em>&#8230;there is strong evidence of benefit in elderly patients, 12 (p11) &#8230;</em> To cite more than one page, you need to indicate the page range: <em>…in elderly patients, 12 (pp11–12)&#8230;</em> Now you see Vancouver citation style sample with a mixture of consecutive and non-consecutive references: <em>&#8230;there is strong evidence of benefit in elderly patients, 10 12-14&#8230;</em></p>
<h2>Vancouver citation style for journal articles and websites</h2>
<p>When <strong>referencing in Vancouver</strong>, the titles of journals should be abbreviated. Speaking on part and issue numbers, <strong>Vancouver citation style</strong> guidelines state that most journals save uninterrupted pagination throughout a volume &#8211; so part and issue numbers can be neglected (you can add part and issue numbers when required).<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Referencing</strong> any web resource has the additional difficulty that it may be changed (moved, updated or deleted). Therefore, in addition to the standard reference information, Vancouver referencing needs also to comprise details of the web address (URL) and the date of your last website check.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
When quoting the URL, you may escape the “<em>http://</em>” placing. But the last <strong>Vancouver citation</strong> sample <em>http://news.bbc. co.uk/1/hi/health/7339850.stm</em> shows that it&#8217;s better to preserve the &#8220;http://&#8221;.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
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		<title>Oxford Citation Style</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/194.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/194.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Aug 2007 06:59:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James Whitaker</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/194.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Oxford referencing, or the documentary-note citation system, is used essentially in research works on certain history and philosophy departments. &#160; Under Oxford citation style guidelines, the documentary-note system includes the following elements: citations in the paper body, using a raised number; footnotes list at the foot of each page, for all citations on that page. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blogpics/194.jpg" alt="" align="left" height="135" width="167" /><strong>Oxford referencing</strong>, or the documentary-note citation system, is used essentially in research works on certain history and philosophy departments.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
Under <strong>Oxford citation style guidelines</strong>, the documentary-note system includes the following elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>citations in the paper body, using a raised number;</li>
<li>footnotes list at the foot of each page, for all citations on that page. They are called endnotes if they appear at the end of any division;</li>
<li>Annotated bibliography giving the details of each source and possibly other materials consulted in writing the paper.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Referencing in Oxford: Citing Sources</h2>
<p>Superscript numbers with corresponding footnotes in <strong>Oxford citation style</strong> should be used each time information or ideas from sources are argued. These numbers are basically located at the end of a sentence rather than directly after the words referred. However, as <strong>Oxford citation samples</strong> show, they should be inserted plainly after direct quotes where possible.<span id="more-194"></span></p>
<h2>Summarising and paraphrasing in Oxford referencing</h2>
<p>Essay writers can dispute ideas and revelations using their own words in abstracts and paraphrases. <strong>Oxford citation style guidelines</strong> stress that summarising is like a squeezed text; paraphrasing is voicing all the information in a brief stretch of text. Summarising or paraphrasing, a superscript number should be applied as in <strong>Oxford citation style example</strong>: <em>Spiro Kostof notes that Ggantija, on the Maltese island of Gozo, is the earliest true building type discovered.1</em></p>
<h2>Quoting in Oxford Citation Style</h2>
<p>The same <strong>Oxford citation sample</strong> shows how a direct quote would appear: Spiro Kostof notes, <em>‘Ggantija is a wholly manmade form, which is to say it is thought out and reproducible. As such, it is the first true building type…’1</em><br />
&nbsp;<br />
If a quote is more than 30 words, you can neglect the quotation marks, starting it on a new line and indenture the quote about 10 mm from the left-hand page margin. As for a short citation, a superscript number is used and a footnote is indispensable.</p>
<h2>Secondary Sources and Referencing in Oxford</h2>
<p>From time to time you may read one author citing another one, and you want to use what the first author has said. Following <strong>Oxford citation style guidelines</strong>, you should cite the primary author using a superscript number in the ways already described.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Oxford citation style example</strong>: <em>A Jones, French architecture, Penguin, Melbourne, 2002, cited in D Gray, Renaissance France, Faber and Faber, London, 2000, p. 36.</em></p>
<h2>Bibliography in Oxford referencing</h2>
<p>Under <strong>Oxford citation style </strong>guidelines, the documentary-note system basically uses a bibliography rather than a reference list, but of course there are exceptions. Note the difference: a list of references consist of only the works you practically cited in your research paper; whereas a bibliography in <strong>Oxford citation style</strong> includes all this material alongside with any other papers and works you’ve already read and believe would be useful for others<br />
&nbsp;<br />
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		<title>IEEE Citation Style</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/193.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/193.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Aug 2007 06:46:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James Whitaker</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/193.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Any citation style is determined to give the reader direct information about sources cited in the text. In IEEE citation style, the references should be numbered and emerge through the text. Referring in IEEE needs to put the reference number in square brackets, e.g. [1]. IEEE Referencing Features Generally, the IEEE citation style has 3 [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blogpics/193.jpg" alt="" align="left" height="135" width="167" />Any citation style is determined to give the reader direct information about sources cited in the text. In <strong>IEEE citation style</strong>, the references should be numbered and emerge through the text. Referring in IEEE needs to put the reference number in square brackets, e.g. [1].</p>
<h2>IEEE Referencing Features</h2>
<p>Generally, the <strong>IEEE citation style</strong> has 3 main characteristics:</p>
<ul>
<li>The author’s name is first name (or initial) and last. In this point <strong>IEEE referencing</strong> is distinguished from <a href="http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/177.html">MLA citation style</a> where firstly is author’s last name.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Any title is in quotation marks.</li>
<li>But the title of journal or book is in italics.</li>
</ul>
<p><span id="more-193"></span><br />
These conventions permit the reader to distinguish between reference types at a glance. The proper location of periods, colons, commas, date and page numbers depends on the reference type. For referencing in IEEE, observe the rules exactly: put periods after author and book title; shorten all months to the first three letters (e.g. Mar.); verify the difference between print and electronic sources (especially for journals) thoroughly.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
Even though <strong>IEEE referencing</strong> is considered to be the most difficult style, it is still the most effective style for striving engineers to pick up.</p>
<h2>IEEE Citation Style: In-Text Citation Peculiarities</h2>
<p><strong>IEEE citation style guidelines</strong> state: the major distinction between <strong>IEEE</strong> and other styles is that <strong>IEEE style</strong> encloses reference numbers inside the paper in square brackets [1] rather than as superscripts1 or in bracketed form (Jones 98). All other bibliographical data regarding the citation is reserved for the reference list ending the document.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Referencing in IEEE</strong> supports substituting <strong>reference numbers</strong> for the author’s name whenever suitable. But there are cases (shown in <strong>IEEE citation sample</strong>) in which the author&#8217;s name is indispensable: “To a large extent, quantum mechanics remains dependent on [1]&#8216;s theory of relativity . . . “where [1] is Einstein theory.</p>
<h2>Personal Communication and Other &#8220;Nonrecoverable&#8221; Information</h2>
<p><strong>IEEE citation style guidelines</strong> note that you should cite published works only, impending published materials, and unpublished works available in a library, a depository, or an archive. For interviews or other &#8220;nonrestorable&#8221; information, no citation number is needful.  This does not signify that a try to detect the author is unnecessary, but that it requires to be done in the text itself: &#8220;In a private interview with Bill Gates, he acknowledged that he would soon rule the world.&#8221;</p>
<h2>Specified IEEE Citation Style Examples</h2>
<p><em>Electronic Book: </em><br />
S. Flamer. (1997, May 2). Engineering and Art. (3rd edition). [On-line]. 33(4). Available: www.enggart.com/examples/students.html [March 11, 2005].<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<em>      Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished): </em><br />
B. Blandly and M. Dick. “Engineering names and ideas,” presented at the 4th Int. Conf. Engineering Education, Frankfurt, Germany, 1997.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<em>     Dissertations and Theses: </em><br />
S. McNeal. “Hopeless Optimism.” M.A. thesis, University of Calgary, Canada, 2002.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<em>      Lecture: </em><br />
S. Fad. Engg 341. Class Lecture, Topic: “Speed skating.” ICT 235, Faculty of Engineering.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<em>      Standards/Patents: </em><br />
I.A. Rebecca. “Alternating modern fed power supply.” U.S. Patent 3 737 554, Jun. 4, 1986.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
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		<title>Harvard Citation Style</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/192.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/192.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Aug 2007 06:40:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James Whitaker</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/192.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Harvard Citation Style, also known as the author-date system, or parenthetical system, is used by many essay writers internationally. &#160; The author-date system originated at Harvard University. Although its scientists no longer produce guidelines and manuals for referencing, a version of the author-date system is still considered as the Harvard referencing. Other author-date referencing styles [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blogpics/192.jpg" alt="" align="left" height="135" width="167" /><strong>Harvard Citation Style</strong>, also known as the author-date system, or parenthetical system, is used by many essay writers internationally.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
The author-date system originated at <strong>Harvard University</strong>. Although its scientists no longer produce guidelines and <strong>manuals for referencing</strong>, a version of the author-date system is still considered as the <strong>Harvard referencing</strong>. Other author-date referencing styles include Chicago, APA and <a href="http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/177.html" title="MLA">MLA citation style</a>.</p>
<h2>Harvard referencing: practical instructions</h2>
<p>Here are some <strong>Harvard referencing examples</strong> to ease your perception:<span id="more-192"></span></p>
<ul>
<li>For two authors, use (Smith &amp; Jones 2003). For more authors, use (Smith et al. 2003). Et al. is an abbreviation of Latin &#8220;and others”.</li>
<li>With <strong>Harvard style guidelines</strong>, a newspaper articles may apply the newspaper name the publication date after the sentence (The Guardian, December 22, 2004).</li>
<li>Usage of embedded link like this. [1] for linking to the article (they must be placed after punctuation).</li>
<li>For in-text citation marked by quotation marks, it follows the end-quotation mark (&#8220;), &#8220;like this&#8221; (Jones 2003).</li>
<li>Page numbers must be embraced in a citation accompanied by a specific quotation from or a paraphrase specific book or article passage: <em>According to Jessica Benjamin, one weakness of radical politics has been &#8220;to idealize the oppressed&#8221; (Benjamin 1988:9).</em> But page numbers are not required when a citation accompanies a general description of a book or article: <em>In the 1980s several feminists explored feminist readings of psychoanalytical thought (e.g. Gallop 1985, Hamilton 1982, Rose 1986, Benjamin 1988).</em></li>
</ul>
<p>The detailed information according to <strong>Harvard Citation Style samples</strong> one can find on educational web resources or in a specialized citation style guidelines.</p>
<h2>Harvard Citation Style: pros &amp; cons</h2>
<p>The principal advantage of <strong>Harvard referencing</strong> is that a reader familiar with a field is probably to identify a citation without having to check it in the reference list. Moreover, if the same reference is cited more than once, the casual reader may remember the author’s name (absence of too many “ibid” citations). Also, with referencing in Harvard Citation Style, there is no renumbering obstacle when the order of in-text references is changed, which can be a lash of the numbered endnotes system if project style insists that first citations never appear out of numerical order. And the last, but not least is that an author-date citation works well in combining with standalone footnotes.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
But some essay writers consider that <strong>Harvard referencing</strong> requires more space; its rules can be confused or unclear for non-academic citations, particularly those without personal author; and the reference system in <strong>Harvard Citation Style</strong> may be distracting to a general reader, unfamiliar with journal articles. However, it is easy enough to neglect the parenthetical references if you don&#8217;t know what they are or just don&#8217;t care.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
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		<title>CBE (Council of Biology Editors) Citation Style</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/191.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/191.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Aug 2007 06:27:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James Whitaker</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/191.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Many natural sciences writers use the citation style recommended in CBE citation style guidelines, giving suggestion for styling and formatting scientific works, journals, and publication. So, its editors propose two methods for documenting and citing sources in CBE referencing: the name-year system and the citation-sequence system. CBE Citation Style: citation-sequence system vs. name-year system Using [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blogpics/191.jpg" alt="" align="left" height="135" width="167" />Many natural sciences writers use the citation style recommended in <strong>CBE citation style guidelines</strong>, giving suggestion for styling and formatting scientific works, journals, and publication. So, its editors propose two methods for documenting and citing sources in <strong>CBE referencing</strong>: the name-year system and the citation-sequence system.</p>
<h2>CBE Citation Style: citation-sequence system vs. name-year system</h2>
<p>Using the <strong>citation-sequence system</strong>, you should cite only key sources from the reference list that are numbered according to their appearance in the text. Basically, in <strong>CBE referencing</strong> superscript number1 or a number in parentheses (1) are used. If a single reference provides more than one source, enumerate the source numbers1,3,6 in a series. Also, to separate more than two numbers1-3  in <strong>CBE citation samples</strong> a dash is used.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
Using the name-year system in <strong>CBE citation style</strong>, key cited sources are located in the <strong>reference list</strong> alphabetically. In this very format, the publication date follows the author&#8217;s name immediately. The following <strong>CBE citation style example</strong> uses the name-year system: <em>The discovery in normal cells of genes competent of causing tumours can be considered a breakpoint in cancer research (Steeling and others 1987). Recent work (Darker, Zhao, and Darker 1991) has proved the importance of this revelation.</em><span id="more-191"></span></p>
<h2>Referencing in CBE: Parenthetical Citations</h2>
<p>Under <strong>CBE citation style guidelines</strong>, parenthetical citations are applied near footnotes and endnotes directing the reader to a particular page in a source.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
Here are some rules for parenthetical <strong>referencing in CBE</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Making an in-text <strong>CBE referencing</strong>, only a space is settled between the author’s name and the publication date: <em>Photographic materials should be stored at 30% relative humidity (Gilson 1991).</em></li>
<li>Using <strong>CBE citation style</strong>, do not imply the author’s name and date if they are listed in the quoted text: <em>In 2001, McCarty reported that 19% of HIV diseased at a Spanish hospital had drug resistance strains of the contagion</em>.</li>
<li><strong>CBE citation style examples</strong> show that <strong>references</strong> ending a sentence go within the last punctuation mark:<em> Qualitative and quantitative research methods are the only mode to categorize research (Soakings 2003).</em></li>
<li>In CBE referencing, for a direct quotation, you should include the page number, the author’s last name and the publication date: <em>“It has consequently become the schools’ affair to provide a place for teenagers to work out their problems with understanding counsel.” (Clementon 1944, 66).</em></li>
<li><strong>CBE citation samples</strong> point that if you desire to cite more than one source in the same sentence, you have to locate them in chronological order in accordance with the publication date: <em>Monitoring salmon migration in the Pacific Northwest is complicated by both biology and methodology (Doubles 1993; Hilbert 1998; Connor 2000).</em></li>
</ul>
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		<title>ASA (American Sociological Association) Citation Style</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/190.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/190.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 12 Aug 2007 19:22:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James Whitaker</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/190.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ASA (American Sociological Association) citation style is elaborated for authors who are preparing publication in ASA journals or for students who are instructed to use &#8220;ASA style&#8221; for their research papers writing. &#160; Referencing in ASA requires citing sources within the paper text itself using parenthetical references. Some scientists name it “a modification of The [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blogpics/190.jpg" alt="" align="left" height="135" width="167" /><strong>ASA</strong> (American Sociological Association) <strong>citation style</strong> is elaborated for authors who are preparing publication in ASA journals or for students who are instructed to use &#8220;<strong>ASA style</strong>&#8221; for their research papers writing.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Referencing in ASA</strong> requires citing <strong>sources</strong> within the paper text itself using parenthetical references. Some scientists name it “a modification of The Chicago Manual of Style”. The aim of the ASA citation style is to give brief citations providing thereby as little distraction as possible.</p>
<h2>ASA Referencing: In-Text Citations</h2>
<p><strong>ASA citation style guidelines</strong> insist on the in-text citation application. You are supposed to know that <strong>in-text citations</strong> include the author&#8217;s last name and publication year. Page numbers are included ONLY when quotes are taken directly from a work. You can see it from <strong>ASA citation sample</strong>: Jilin (1967) provides similar patterns for women in Uruguay. <strong>Referencing in ASA</strong> implies that endnotes and footnotes are to be used only if necessary!</p>
<h2>Books in ASA Citation Style</h2>
<p>Basic form for a book entry in <strong>ASA referencing</strong> is:<span id="more-190"></span></p>
<ul>
1) Author’s last name, first name and middle initial, period.<br />
2) Year of publication.<br />
3) Title of book italicized.<br />
4) Place of publication, name of publisher:De Ana, Roberto M. 1985. <em>Chicanas and Chicanos in Modern Society.</em> Boston, MA: Allen and Bacon.</ul>
<h2>ASA Citation Style: Newspaper, Journal and Magazine Articles in Print</h2>
<p><strong>Referencing in ASA</strong>, a basic form for a journal article is the same as for a book (1-4), adding volume number, page number(s) and period.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
Also use the issue number in parenthesis or exact date prior to the volume number that do not give number pages consecutively within a volume: Garcia, Palma M. 1992. &#8220;A Mental Odyssey: Chicana/Chicano Studies Stirring into the Twenty-first Century.&#8221; <em>Journal of American Ethnic History</em> 10:105.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
According to <strong>ASA citation style guidelines</strong>, newspaper or magazine entry is amplified by publication date, page number of article within the publication ending with a period. A unified <strong>ASA citation style example</strong>: Jana, Riena. 2002. &#8220;Averting culture clashes &#8211; As the IT labour force grows more diverse, leaders must improve familiarity without creating antipathy.&#8221; InfoWorld, March 14, pp. 77.</p>
<h2>Electronic Articles and Newspapers: Web Sources in ASA Referencing</h2>
<p>Here you can find <strong>ASA citation samples</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Commercial Databases</em>: Graham, Douglas K. 1996. &#8220;The Past Never Disappear: A Contextual Review of the Subsisting Indian Family Tenet&#8221; American Indian Law Review, 25:1. Retrieved April 22, 1994.</li>
<li><em>Web Version of Newspapers</em>: Clary, Jane. 1997. &#8220;Vasquez Protesters Removed Without Fortuity.&#8221; Los Angeles Times, March 7. Retrieved March 10, 1997 (http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/updates/lat_vieques000505.htm).</li>
<li><em>Web Base Journals</em>: Miles, Herman W. and Tamaki Nomi. 2002. &#8220;Is Amie the Key for Comprehension Japanese Culture?&#8221; Electronic Journal of Sociology 5:1. Retrieved June 8, 2002 (http://www.sociology.org/content/vol005.001/smith-nomi.html).</li>
</ul>
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		<title>APSA (American Political Science Association) Citation Style</title>
		<link>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/189.html</link>
		<comments>http://custom-writing.org/blog/citation-styles/189.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 12 Aug 2007 19:12:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James Whitaker</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citation Styles]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Welcome to APSA Citation Style &#160; Following APSA citation style guidelines, the citation usually includes the author(s) last name, the publication year and the page number(s) in parentheses. A first initial can be used if two uncommon authors with the identical name appear. These are general APSA citation samples: &#8230; the extended share of dilettantes [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://custom-writing.org/blogpics/189.jpg" alt="" align="left" height="135" width="167" />Welcome to <strong>APSA Citation Style</strong><br />
&nbsp;<br />
Following <strong>APSA citation style guidelines</strong>, the citation usually includes the author(s) last name, the publication year and the page number(s) in parentheses. A first initial can be used if two uncommon authors with the identical name appear. These are general <strong>APSA citation samples</strong>:<br />
<em>&#8230; the extended share of dilettantes (Wilson 1967, 85);<br />
&#8230; informed in several studies (C. Hermann 1988, 42; M. Hermann<br />
1989, 337).</em></p>
<h2>Government Documents and Legal Citations in APSA Referencing</h2>
<p>Generally, details on government documents must be in the reference list. For in-text citations – the source name, date and page number in parentheses suffice. Citing in APSA to other public documents, you can use the standard form. The methods of referring to government documents vary, but these <strong>APSA citation style examples</strong> should prove adequate:<span id="more-189"></span><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<em> (Congressional Record October 20, 1967, H7);<br />
(Papers of President George W. Bush March 24, 2001, 11). </em><br />
&nbsp;<br />
Legal citations in  <strong>APSA citation style</strong> include name of the case, year and number of page: (Shaker v. Carr 1966, 196). For the detailed information you can use specialized <strong>APSA citation style guidelines</strong> or the U.S. Reports for Supreme Court resolutions.</p>
<h2>Electronic Sources in APSA Citation Style</h2>
<p>The <strong>reference</strong> for a WWW <strong>APSA citation sample</strong> contains more elements like the author&#8217;s name; publication date or its last review; document title; title of entire paper; URL [in angle brackets] and date of access (in parentheses):<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<em>Central Intelligence Agency. 1999. Afghanistan/Government. World Fact Book, 1998. &lt;&gt; 1999, Jan. 29 </em><br />
&nbsp;<br />
In addition, there are <strong>APSA citation style</strong> examples for email and newsgroup message correspondently:<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<em>Albright, M. &lt;albright@state.gov&gt; 1999, Jan.5. Announcement on China [Personal email]. (1999, January 29);<br />
Stratford. &lt;alert@stratfor.com&gt;, 1999, Jan.29. Thailand/Myanmar. &lt;STRATFOR/Global Intelligence Update&gt; (1999, January 29).</em></p>
<h2>Referencing in APSA: Television and Radio Programs</h2>
<p>Sometimes, material from news broadcasts or documentaries is <strong>quoted</strong> in paper. <strong>APSA citation style guidelines</strong> state that the relevant information should appear in the reference list as follows:<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<em>CBS News. December 19, 1986. Sixty Minutes.<br />
National Public Radio. August 12, 1983. All Things Considered.</em></p>
<h2>Some Recommendations for Formatting the Reference List in APSA Citation Style</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>APSA citation style</strong> requires parenthetical <strong>references</strong> within the text and a reference list at the end.</li>
<li>List of reference should be arranged alphabetically, not in publication’s format.</li>
<li><strong>Referencing in APSA</strong>, the author should be the first element. Otherwise, use the editor’s name. If it is absent, you may start with the title.</li>
<li>Titles of book and periodical papers should be italicized.</li>
<li><strong>APSA citation style guidelines</strong> insist that each word of the titles must be capitalized.</li>
</ul>
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